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The trial of the Julia and Ethel Rosenberg was one of the most controversial trials of the twentieth century. In the months between the sentencing and execution, criticism of the trial grew more strident, and major demonstrations were held. In spite of attempts at appeal, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed on June 19, 1953. Recent studies of the couple’s activities show that the evidence against them was overwhelming. It is difficult, however, to imagine the execution of a married couple with young children without understanding the paranoia the Cold War produced.